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ARM的开发步骤

ARM的开发步骤

1.做个最小系统板:如果你从没有做过ARM的开发,建议你一开始不要贪大求全,把所有的应用都做好,因为ARM的启动方式和dsp或单片机有所不同,往往会遇到各种问题,所以建议先布一个仅有Flash,SRAM或SDRAM、CPU、JTAG、和复位信号的小系统板,留出扩展接口。使最小系统能够正常运行,你的任务就完成了一半,好在ARM的外围接口基本都是标准接口,如果你已有这些硬件的布线经验,这对你来讲是一件很容易的事情。

2. 写启动代码,根据硬件地址先写一个能够启动的小代码,包括以下部分:
初始化端口,屏蔽中断,把程序拷贝到SRAM中;完成代码的重映射;配置中断句柄,连接到C语言入口。也许你看到给你的一些示例程序当中, bootloader会有很多东西,但是不要被这些复杂的程序所困扰,因为你不是做开发板的,你的任务就是做段小程序,让你的应用程序能够运行下去

3. 仔细研究你所用的芯片的资料,尽管ARM在内核上兼容,但每家芯片都有自己的特色,编写程序时必须考虑这些问题。尤其是女孩子,在这儿千万别有依赖心理,总想拿别人的示例程序修改,却越改越乱。

4. 多看一些操作系统程序,在ARM的应用开放源代码的程序很多,要想提高自己,就要多看别人的程序,linux,uc/os-II等等这些都是很好的原码。

6.如果你是作硬件,每个厂家基本上都有针对该芯片的DEMO板原理图。先将原理图消化。这样你以后做设计时,对资源的分配心中有数。器件的DATSHEET一定要好好消化。

7.如果做软件最好对操作系统的机理要有所了解。当然这对软件工程师来说是小菜一碟。但如果是硬件出身的就有点费劲。

问:做最小系统板是2层还是4层好?
答:只有AT91可以用两层板,其他的最少4层;44b0的地和电源处理好也可用两层板;

谈四层板和33欧电阻:
选用四层板不仅是电源和地的问题,高速数字电路对走线的阻抗有要求,二层板不好控制阻抗。33欧电阻一般加在驱动器端,也是起阻抗匹配作用的;布线时要先布数据地址线,和需要保证的高速线;
在高频的时候,PCB板上的走线都要看成传输线。传输线有其特征阻抗,学过传输线理论的都知道,当传输线上某处出现阻抗突变(不匹配)时,信号通过就会发生反射,反射对原信号造成干扰,严重时就会影响电路的正常工作。采用四层板时,通常外层走信号线,中间两层分别为电源和地平面,这样一方面隔离了两个信号层,更重要的是外层的走线与它们所*近的平面形成称为“微带”(microstrip) 的传输线,它的阻抗比较固定,而且可以计算。对于两层板就比较难以做到这样。这种传输线阻抗主要于走线的宽度、到参考平面的距离、敷铜的厚度以及介电材料的特性有关,有许多现成的公式和程序可供计算。
33欧电阻通常串连放在驱动的一端(其实不一定33欧,从几欧到五、六十欧都有,视电路具体情况) ,其作用是与发送器的输出阻抗串连后与走线的阻抗匹配,使反射回来(假设解收端阻抗没有匹配) 的信号不会再次反射回去(吸收掉),这样接收端的信号就不会受到影响。接收端也可以作匹配,例如采用电阻并联,但在数字系统比较少用,因为比较麻烦,而且很多时候是一发多收,如地址总线,不如源端匹配易做。
这里梭说的高频,不一定是时钟频率很高的电路,是不是高频不止看频率,更重要是看信号的上升下降时间。通常可以用上升(或下降) 时间估计电路的频率,一般取上升时间倒数的一半,比如如果上升时间是1ns,那么它的倒数是1000MHz,也就是说在设计电路是要按500MHz的频带来考虑。有时候要故意减慢边缘时间,许多高速IC其驱动器的输出斜率是可调的。
 

ARM的开发步骤

高手对如何学习ARM的讨论


高手一:
  1把arm当超级单片机用,一个高手的观点,初学者不能跟着学,学习为了什么,为了更好的使用,如果当一个超级单片机学习那你什么都学不到,你看周立功的 easy arm好是好,提供了很多模版,但学了半天感觉还是51。为了好好学arm还是从头学把引导程序,终端看仔细了,很多人连lpc的时钟配置也不明白,但敢说他会arm,我曾进也是其中一员。

  2我只对硬件感兴趣,arm已经把硬软件的界限打破,如果还硬件管硬件,软件归软件,那你还不如回到51,arm是能同意处理多任务系统,51就不行了,你不在软件上下功夫,那你对不起arm 以上仅是比人愚见,一起讨论

高手二:

连硬件的io口以及外围设备都没有精心设计过,谁会相信你做的软件可以紧贴硬件,得到最佳的工作效率呢?

如果小的嵌入式系统都沉浸在用高速io口模拟什么时序,谁又能保证你能将arm所有的潜力发挥出来呢?大家知道,如果用io口模拟会使指令流打差不多10倍折扣。
现代mcu都是基于编译器原理设计出来的,我们在做设计时必须兼顾软硬件两个方面,不能将二者完全分开。

arm内核那么多层的代码运行级别本身就给我们工程师许多想象的空间,我们为什么不发挥一下呢?

高手三:

对于一个有8位单片机基础的人,将arm作为超级单片机来作入门学习,我觉得没什么不妥,学习由浅入深挺好的。对于这个人来说,他最熟悉的是原来8位的单片机,刚接触ARM的时候先撇开操作系统又暂时不去管bootloader的操作,那么就会发现其实arm和8位单片机操作起来其实是相似的。等到了解一些内容后,再进一步去学习boot、学习操作系统那相对就会容易一点了。

  51也有人拿来跑操作系统,不过估计是玩的成份居多,而AVR跑操作系统则是有实际应用的。一个人的精力有限,不可能什么都面面俱到,总该有一个侧重的方向。做一个项目,通常需要一个团队,这个团队里面有软件工程师也有硬件工程师,大家各司其职,又相互配合。搞软件的人懂一点硬件会对写程序有帮助,搞硬件的人也应该懂一点软件。软件工程师可以专门负责操作系统里面的任务处理,硬件工程师除了完成硬件电路的设计外还需要编写一些硬件驱动程序。如果一个软件工程师不知道什么是串口,那么他就可能会不理解用串口发送数据和普通I/O操作有什么不一样。如果一个硬件工程师没有地址的概念、不知道数据位宽,那么他就可能不会理解给ARM系统接一块16位的FLASH的时候地址线为什么要偏移一位。
 

ARM的开发步骤

ARM的成功启示录


有人说,ARM的成功是钻了英特尔的空子,在芯片巨人忽视的领域长成茁壮的大树;也有人说,ARM是在一个合适的产业选择了一种聪明的发展模式,既避免了与对手正面碰撞,又联合了上百家有实力的厂家;还有人说,ARM靠提供芯片的知识产权发家,处于产业链的上游,宛如自然界食物链的最高一环。

  知识产权的英文是Intellectual property,简称IP,在中国,IP还是一个尚未全面普及的概念,ARM的成功之道或能给中国产业界带来深刻的思考。

  走近ARM

  英国的辉煌伴随着大不列颠帝国的远逝而慢慢褪色,在很多人的记忆里只有曼联球队那团略显旺盛的火焰,因为英国已经彻底沉默在美国的声音之中。然而,一个叫做ARM的公司宛如蓝色的小精灵,活跃在处理器芯片领域,成为整个英伦三岛的骄傲。

  ARM公司成立于1990年11月,全称是“Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.”,它是由英国Acorn公司提供技术和12名工程师、美国苹果电脑和VLSI Technology(目前已被飞利浦收购)出资合手组建的美英混血公司。ARM的第一个客户就是苹果电脑公司,为其新开发的Newton掌上电脑提供高速度、低功耗的RISC(精简指令集算法)处理器。由于ARM只有技术,缺乏资金来购买昂贵的芯片制造、封装和测试设备,因此ARM授权伙伴公司VLSI Technology生产,并提供必要的技术支持,这种合作方式的初步成功也为今后ARM的发展模式奠定了基础。

  在以后的几年中,ARM凭借高超的技术和相对低廉的授权方式,赢得了不少客户的青睐,这其中包括大名鼎鼎的夏普、GEC Plessey、德州仪器和Cirrus Logic等厂商。由于ARM的授权方式灵活多变,价格相对便宜,在技术上也独树一帜,因此加入ARM联盟的厂商越来越多,目前全球有112家厂商在使用 ARM公司的技术授权,而以微软和SUN为首的一批知名公司也为ARM处理器开发软件。2000年,全球ARM处理器的发货量达到4亿;到2001年, ARM处理器就拥有超过76.8%的RISC处理器的市场份额;2002年则几乎垄断了全球嵌入式RISC处理器市场。据Dataquest的最新报告显示,2002年ARM公司再次成为排名第一的IP提供商,其市场份额高出排名第二Rambus公司约一倍左右。在ARM的客户名单中,全是业界耳熟能详的名字:英特尔、三星、德州仪器、摩托罗拉和美国国家半导体等,几乎涵盖了所有芯片厂商。在半导体消费普遍衰退的今天,ARM能够逆市上扬,给人们留下太多的启示。

  ARM的成功之道

  十几年前,ARM开创性地提出采用开放的、可授权许可的IP来支持以微处理器为核心的系统级芯片(SoC),这个革命型的概念开创了芯片产业的新局面,同时也将IP业创造为当前最热门和最令人觊觎的新经济产品。
  而现在“每1秒钟全世界就有10块以上的ARM芯片被买走”;“每卖出一部装有ARM芯片的手机,ARM公司能获利1元人民币”;“ARM不出售任何芯片,每年坐收2亿美金”。这样的业绩却是一家不到800员工的“小公司”完成的,这样的成功只能称为奇迹。

  成功之道1:在合适的时间,选择了合适的领域,合适的定位 

  当ARM公司创始人之一Robin Saxby从摩托罗拉出来创业时,就一直在思考这样的问题:如何让弱小ARM公司生存下来? ARM公司当时唯一有竞争力的是全世界首款商用RISC微处理器,并得到了苹果公司的认同。然而,与那时的芯片巨人相比,无论在财力和人力上,ARM都象一只小舢板,在疾风骤雨中,随时都可能会翻船。于是,ARM公司巧妙地选择了一个被人忽视的切入点——32位嵌入式处理器的内核设计。由于那时4位和8位的嵌入式处理器大行其道,而英特尔又专注于PC处理器,以至于ARM得到了可乘之机,而互联网的崛起和移动通信的发展又刺激了嵌入式处理器的需求,ARM 提供的芯片技术既能满足日益增长的多媒体需求,又有省电节能的特殊功效,一时之间,形成了新的消费热点,也带动了半导体产业的扩张。可以说,ARM最初切入32位嵌入式处理器具有一定的前瞻性,这也为ARM的成功奠定了坚实的基础。

  成功之道2:采用灵活而又廉价的商业模式,广开财源之门

  经过多年的运作和磨合,ARM公司终于找到了适合自己的商业模式:不生产任何商用的半导体产品,只依靠收取知识产权使用费来获取收益。ARM公司不生产芯片带来直接的好处就是,芯片巨头不再认为ARM是竞争对手,相反还是可以相互合作的朋友。ARM能与芯片厂商化敌为友,避免了硬碰硬,这一招可谓高明至极,以至于其高层在面对新闻媒体时,也要反复强调ARM与英特尔、高通等公司的区别。言下之意,表露出ARM抢占产业链最高层的得意与狷狂。

  目前ARM的收入来源已经实现了多元化:首先是专利授权费用,这是客户采用ARM专利时一次性付给ARM的费用;其次是按照一定比例收取客户产品的专利使用费,即客户每卖出一片芯片,就收取同等比例的费用。这两项专利技术收入分别占公司总收入的40%和30%。另外,该公司在设计工具销售方面的收入有 15%左右,剩下的来自设计顾问服务和培训支持服务等。值得注意的是,在2003年第一季度,ARM专利使用费用比上一季度大幅上涨了33%,而其合作伙伴卖出的芯片数量也1.27 亿片上升到1.78 亿片。这表明,ARM不仅仅自己发家致富,也为合作伙伴带来了财运。正是采用共生共存的合作方式,ARM为客户创造利润的同时,也为自己觅得了商机。

  成功之道3:在技术上有独到之处,注重灵活的配置和良好的软件兼容性

  在IT领域,技术也许不是企业成功所需的决定性因素,但绝对是每家公司都非常重视因素。ARM公司能在短短十年的时间内脱颖而出,绝不仅仅靠成熟的商业模式和合适的市场定位。正因为ARM处理器在设计上有不少独到之处,才使得它得到了广泛的应用。在ARM公司提供的技术授权中,生产商可以根据不同的需要对ARM处理器进行配置,这也就是说,ARM公司能够按需定做处理器芯片,即便是两家厂商采用了同样的ARM技术授权,其生产的芯片在技术细节上也是不同的。比如英特尔的Xscale和德州仪器的OMAP处理器均是出自ARM 9系列,其核心完全相同,但是使用的DSP内核会略有差异,这样既能保证操作系统运行程序的一致性,又能满足不同芯片的个性化需求。

  目前主流的32位处理器能够以模拟的方式来执行16位的程序代码,这种被称为“Thumb”的工作方式使ARM处理器具有良好的兼容性,正是这样的特性使为16位的Palm OS 4.X操作系统设计的软件能够在Palm OS 5.0的机型上运行,使生产商不用过多的考虑向下兼容的问题。另外,ARM的指令很短,通用性好,耗电量特别的低,尤其适合于掌上电脑,手机等对能耗有苛刻要求的设备。

  成功之道4:对研发持续不断地投入,联手有实力的厂商进行技术攻关

  ARM公司在技术上的活力来源于对研发源源不断的投入上,ARM运营的成本主要是人力投入,60%的员工是研发人员,研发费用大约占营收的30%以上,2003年一季度的研发投入更是高达38%。最近,ARM公司牵手美国国家半导体公司,共同开发可大幅延长便携设备电池寿命的高效率电源管理系统,为解决目前困扰终端设备已久的耗电问题带来了一丝曙光。据称,2003年年底,ARM公司还将推出三项新技术:TrustZone,Thumb2,AMBA新版,将把ARM处理器带进一个新的“革命时期”,这或许是ARM历久弥新的根本原因。

  ARM在中国

  从中芯的32 位嵌入式CPU“方舟1号”,到中科院的通用高性能的CPU‘龙芯’1号,再到上海复旦微电子的嵌入式32位微处理器神威Ⅰ号,中国人在芯片上投入太多的努力,这也许是所谓的“中国芯”情结。尚不清楚ARM在这三款中国芯背后扮演的角色,但是如果得到ARM这样的技术授权之后,中国的芯片业是否能从“中国制造”顺利演变为“中国设计”呢?

  2002年7月,ARM在上海设立了中国地区的全资分公司。由于国内的注册惯例无法为 ARM准确定位,因而取名为安谋咨询(上海)有限公司,搞笑的是,ARM提供的咨询服务只占其业务总量的极小部分。通过积极的中国策略,ARM用了短短一年的时间,在中国发展了九家合作伙伴:其中两家为工具代理商(科汇亚太、旋极);三家为集成电路设计合作伙伴,他们都已购买了ARM技术授权(上海集成电路设计研究中心、上海华虹集成电路有限公司、深圳市中兴集成电路设计有限责任公司);科银京城、中科红旗、上海汉峰为实时操作系统合作商;位于南京的东南大学是ARM大学计划成员。 

  在进军中国市场的道路上,ARM从不掩饰对中国市场的渴望和期待。因为在新一轮的技术革命中,中国将扮演着越来越重要的角色,任何有抱负的国际大公司都不会忽略这一点。ARM公司力图通过向中国集成电路设计中心、晶圆代工厂、OEM公司以及其他第三方企业提供技术授权,来帮助他们设计、生产基于ARM架构的产品,同时使自己在产业链的顶端位置更加牢固。

  为适应中国国情,ARM 公司对中国客户的技术授权采取特殊的策略:针对不同的用户,如高校、政府孵化器部门、设计实验性的小公司、OEM厂商,按照他们的不同使用目的,采取不同的技术授权费用门槛,这样就可以使更多的中国用户能够得到ARM的技术授权。目前这一策略已经取得良好的效果,上海集成电路设计研究中心能以较低价格获得 ARM核心授权就是这一优惠策略的集中体现,同时受益的还有东南大学。   

  ARM的启示

  从规模和产值来看,ARM远远小于英特尔、高通、德州仪器和摩托罗拉四大巨头,但是其影响力并不弱于他们。相反,ARM凭借ARM处理器,已经建立起一个庞大的联盟,并通过下游厂商将产品打入电子产品的方方面面。从这个层面说,ARM帝国并不逊色于任何一个芯片巨头。

  能站在产业链最顶端的公司数量是很少的,同时又是最优秀的公司,因为他们是站在金字塔的尖端,宛如皇冠上最耀眼的明珠。细细想来,任何公司要想抢到最顶端的位置,都需要良好的前瞻性、充分的技术储备、足够的耐心和一点点的运气,ARM恰巧都具备了这些条件。

  在西方不亮东方亮的特殊背景下,中国IT产业是全球产业低潮中唯一的亮点,这也为国内产业英雄创造辉煌业绩,做好了充分的准备。或许再过十年,会有国内公司能达到ARM的高度,“中国芯”也许不再会是情结,而是中国人的骄傲。
 

ARM的开发步骤

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